George Simon Ohm Essay Example for Free

George Simon Ohm EssayFair test Safety In order to make the experiment in that respect argon certain procedures that I must follow. I must use the same voltmeter, ammeter and constantan wire. This is in case other ammeters or voltmeters are using incompatible settings. To make the experiment safe we must check all wires and crocodile clips for faults. When we are doing the experiment we must also use a low voltage. Method 1. stack up apparatus a voltmeter, an ammeter, 7x wires, 1 crocodile clip, and 100 cm constantan wire. (at lengths of 26 regular wire gauge, 28 standard wire gauge and 36 standard wire gauge) 2. Set apparatus up as shown3. Set the magnate pack on as low a voltage as possible. (So that there is not too high a current passing through the circuit. ) 4. Place the 100 cm of constantan round the holders. Then connect the crocodile clip. 5. handle on the power pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter read. 6. Record the results, in a pre prepared table. 7 . After recording all results for the 26swg piece of wire. Wait. Turn off the power pack. Take 28 SWG constantan wire. Turn on your power pack and record what the ammeter and voltmeter say. 8. Change the wire to 36 SWG of constantan wire and repeat the experiment. 9. bleed out the resistance for all the results using Ohms law. V = I*R Obtaining evidence Results for constantan 26 SWG Table 1 space (cm) voltage (Volts) underway (Amps) Resistance (Ohms)Table 2 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) For the represent with all 3 tabled results for constantan 26swg see attached sheet 1. Results for constantan 28swg Table 1 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms).Table 2 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) Table 3 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) For the graph with all 3 tabled results for constantan 28swg see attached sheet 2. Results for Constantan 36swg Table 1 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) Table 2 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms) Table 3 Length (cm) Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (Ohms)For the graph with all 3 tabled results for constantan 36swg see attached sheet 3. Analysis Analysis of length I predict that there will be high resistance in wires that are longer in length.My prediction was correct. As the length of the wire decreases so does the resistance. This is clearly visible on all deuce-ace of the graphs. On the graph for constantan 26swg (sheet1) there is a strong negative correlation. The resistance for all three results at 100 cm is between 3. 24 ? 3. 50 ? and at 5cm it is between 0 ? and 0. 5 ?. From 65cm-40cm the results I still are almost identical. There is hardly any variation in the results and it is shown by the graph. The graph for constantan 28swg (sheet 2) is by far the best graph because of the closeness of all of the readings taken.There is a slight anomalous result at the 95cm reading. From the results collected in table 1 he resistance rose from 4. 49 ? to 4. 55 ?. This did not affect my results too much there was still a clear trend. This is however extremely unlike the graph for constantan 36swg (sheet3). There is clearly a huge error. At 90cm there is an incredibly out of business office recording. The voltage for this point was 0. 8 V. this is roughly 2. 0 Volts away from where ideally it would be and this has caused such a dramatic change in the direction of the plot points.I also believe that as the length doubles the resistance will also double. My prediction was correct. An example of this would be taken from table 3 of constantan 28swg. The length is 10cm and the resistance was 0. 5 ? the resistance for 20cm was 0. 98 ?. 0. 5 x 2 = 1 1 0. 98 = 0. 02 This is almost exactly double.This is completely one example of the resistance roughly doubling with length. Analysis of thickness In order to analyse the thickness of the wire I will initiatory need to resolve out the heavens of the wire. I bring on got the thicknesses in British Standard Gauge and I have found a position (http//www.falcon-acoustics. co. uk/hintstipsgeneral. htm) which has a table with the thickness converted into millimetres.The conversions for the wires thickness are as follows Constantan 26swg = 0. 457mm Constantan 28swg = 0. 376mm Constantan 36swg = 0. 193mm This however is the diameter of each of the wires and the formula for the area of a circle is ? x ri. The radius of a circle is half the diameter. To work out the area of the wire I must first divide the diameter then square it then multiply by pie. Pie (? ) is 22 i 7 the number has definite end.Now I will work out the area for each of the wires. Constantan 26swg 029240465 mmi This shows that the Constantan 26swg is thicker than the Constantan 28swg and the Constantan 36swg and by how much in mmi. I also believe that the thicker the wire is the slight resistance will be present. T his is correct. I have taken the resistance from all 9 tables and put them in a graph (sheet4). I have taken the resistance from 50cm for all of them. The graph clearly shows the huge difference in resistance. As you can see the Constantan 36swg is more resistant than the 26swg and 28swg Constantan wire. The area of the Constantan Evaluation Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of some(prenominal) that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Elderly Abuse Essay Example for Free

Elderly Abuse EssayLifespan st eld and counseling-re noveld problems.As part of being a human being, we be born and we recrudesce old as time passes and then we die as life comes to an end. Part of human development is the stage of late adulthood. From the book Human behaviour in the Social Environment, by Jose B. Ashford and Craig Winston LeCroy, the years from age sixty until death be considered late adulthood. At this stage of life, there argon umteen challenges that the patriarchal community face. Aging comes with the loss of being independent, age discrimination and diminished physical ability. During the aging process, there atomic number 18 also biological, emotional, intellectual, amicable and spiritual changes. Beside twain other big challenges such as poverty and ageism, one of the biggest problems that time-honored people face is ancient debase when they are at the point in their lives where they are dependent of someone to provide supports for them.Accor ding to the American Psychological Association, an estimated 4 million former(a) Americans are victims of physical, psychological or other forms of abuse and neglect. Many people who hear elder abuse and neglect think about sure-enough(a) people who live in nursing homes or fourth-year relatives who live all alone and dont have visitors. Being part of the counseling program, it is grand for counselors to spot that majority of incidents of elder abuse do not happen in nursing homes or other residential settings, but rather takes place at their own home with their own spouses, children, siblings or relatives. Forms of elderly abuse to be aware of are physical abuse, verbal/psychological/emotional abuse, sexual abuse, financial exploitation and neglect. Elder abuse is much a very complex problem that is caused by many reasons such as cultural issues, stress, society and other factors. Elder abuse affects both ripened men and women from all socioeconomic groups, cultures, races a nd ethnicities. Bio-psycho-social developmental themesBio-psycho-social developmental themes affecting late adulthood is crucial inunderstanding elderly abuse. During this developmental stage, there are lots of changes in the biological systems among this age group. Problems related to elderly physical health include gradual loss of bone mass, joints are more restricted, mutation of foot problems, and arthritis which is known to affect many elderly people. Power and speed of muscle decrease as well as strength and endurance. There is a decline in hearing and vision impairment. Skin gets thin and dryer which make the skin more easily bruised and injured. Maintaining independence and health is very important in the success of someone who is in this stage of development. With the biology of aging, the elderly become physically frail which cause others to care for them sometimes resulting in mistreatment and abuse.Forms of elderly abuse that affect the individuals biologically are phy sical abuse and sexual abuse. Physical abuse ranges from getting slapped, shoved, beatings, kicking, pinching, burning, and getting restrained with ropes or chains. Giving hostile medications is also part of physical abuse. familiar abuse among this age group ranges from inappropriate touching, forcing sexual contact, rape, sodomy and coerced nudity. It is the least reported type of elderly abuse. Sexual abuse also includes taking pictures and forcing an individual to look at pornography. These two forms of elder abuse usually cause physical problems such as signs of frame bruises, bruises around genital areas, unexplained sexually transmitted diseases, untreated wounds, sprains, broken glasses and bloody underclothing. There are changes in the psychological system of this developmental stage that appendd to elderly abuse and mistreatment.Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia for aging individuals. Alzheimer is literally having store loss which is common among individuals that are in their sixty and above. Cognitive impairment increases with age and dementia is usually one of the biggest problems that oft refer to irreversible cognitive impairment that affects an individuals memory, personality, and functioning. According to the Alzheimers Association, cognitive impairment can sometimes be discovered early in individuals. When individuals are not able to recall names, forgetting words, misplacing things, having memory loss, getting lost in own street or neighbor, not knowing or forgetting chore needs to be done, they may possibly be showing Alzheimers disease or other forms of dementia. Behavioral and emotional changes occur in people with Alzheimers disease.As the disease gets worsen, those with the disease volition experience symptoms that include delusions, agitation, aggression and uncooperative with care. Alzheimer is a commonly known dementia disease in which there is no cure and it gets worse as it progresses. The risk of abuse i ncreases in people with health issues such as dementia (Kohn and Verkoek-Oftedahl 2011). Verbal, emotional and psychological abuses are the common abuses that elderly individuals suffered from. Signs of emotional and psychological abuse are being upset, withdrawn, and unusual dementia-like behavior such as rocking and sucking. Name calling, intimidation, threatening, isolating the individual from families and friends are forms of verbal, emotional and psychological abuse. In late adulthood, the social dimension or support system becomes smaller.Majority of older adults have some family, while others do not. Family is the first line of support for older adults when they need care and assistance. several(prenominal) older adults or elderly individuals often live with their children including grandchildren, while others live with their spouses. It is important to know that elderly abuse is often caused by family members and the least likely to be reported. For those that do not have f amily and are dependent for care, they are often live in adult residential homes or care facilities where they only people they interact with are the staffs within those settings. Elderly abuse is sometimes caused by individuals working at the care homes. Some individuals of this people experience loneliness and isolation. When an individual is isolated for no apparent reason, it is sometimes can be part of elderly abuse.Counseling Practice assess and StrategyElderly abuse is often the result of certain societal attitudes that contribute to the violence and discrimination against older people. From the American Psychological Association, such factors that contribute to elderly abuse include the devaluation of and lack of compliancy for older adults and the societys belief that what goes on in the home is a private family matter. When societal views regarding older people as insignificant, it results in failure to recognize the importance of assuring support, dignity and nonabusiv e life circumstances for every older individual. When people exterior of the family observe or suspect abuse, they may fail to intervene because they believe that it is a family problem and is none of theirproblems or they might be afraid that they are dealing with a private matter. Also, the feeling of shame and embarrassment might often make it difficult for older persons or even family members to report and discover the abuse because they dont want others to know that such events are occurring in their families.Counselors need to take into consideration of certain cultural values, beliefs and traditions that influence the family kinetics and intergenerational relationships. These differences can make the situations difficult to distinguish from abuse or neglect. One big problem is older individuals from ethnic minorities or immigrants that do not utter English and have language barriers, financial or emotional dependence that foil them from seeking or willingness to report a buse. It is important that anyone who works with older people in potentially abusive situations need to be sensitive to cultural differences and intervene accordingly as well as not to ignore signs of abuse. To prevent elderly abuse, counseling for behavioral or personal problems in the family can be helpful.Treating family members with substance abuse can prevent violence against aging adults in the households. In some cases, it may be a best interest to have the older individuals move to a different safer setting or having the older individuals live in nursing home if adult children are not equipped emotionally and physically to support and handle the responsibility of caring for an elderly person.When suspected of elderly abuse, counselors or any other related mental health professionals are mandated to report elderly abuse to adult protective run as required by laws. It is also important not let fear prevent you from reporting any suspicions of abuse taking place. It is importa nt to know that someones life can be saved from get ahead harms including death. People in their late adulthood deserve to be treated with respect and dignity. They are our parents, grandparents and love ones who deserve good care and love as they have reached the full stage of their lives.Cited PageAshford, J. B., LeCroy, C. W., Lortie, K. L. (2010). Human behavior in the social environment a multidimensional perspective (4th ed.). Australia Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Elder Abuse and Neglect In Search ofSolutions. (n.d.). http//www.apa.org. Retrieved November 16, 2013, from http//www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/elder-abuse.aspx Kohn, R., Verhoek-Oftedahl, W. (2011). Caregiving and Elder Abuse. Medicine health Rhode Island, 94(2), 4749. OpenStax College. (2013, July 29). Challenges Facing the Elderly. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site http//cnx.org/content/m42880/1.4/ResourcesTwo Current Book ReferencesGlicken, M. D. (2009). Evidence-based counseling and psychoth erapy for an aging population. Amsterdam Academic. This book is a possible guide for advanced students, social workers, clinicians or anyone in the mental field that work with elderly clients. It covers the most effective evidence-based practices for assessment and treatment of elderly clients. each(prenominal) chapter of the book directly addresses different range of conditions and disorders that are the most common for the elderly population such as social isolation, elder abuse and neglect, depression, concern disorders, terminal illnesses, dementias and so forth. It also prepares readers for conditions that they will encounter in the real world even working with or interacting with the elderly population.Wilson, G. (2000). Understanding old age critical and global perspectives. London Sage. This book is about understanding old age or the elderly population. It gives readers a wide range of issues and policies on ageing. It provides many theoretical perspectives on ageing in d ifferent societies, the trends involving aging adults and what roles should be taken by older people including those who interact with this population. The book explores migration, different health issues, pensions, the structure of family and institutional care as well as it also touches based on elderly abuse. This book is essential for students, nurses, social work, counselors and those who want further understanding of the older population in our society. Journal ArticleThompson, H., Priest, R. (2005). Elder Abuse and Neglect Considerationsfor Mental Health Practitioners. Adultspan Journal, 4(2), 116-128. According to the authors, elder abused is for the most part an unrecognized problem in the United States and is often untreated. Elder abuse and neglect is so prevalence, that not all incidents are reported. By 2030, the elderly population of late adulthood will double and it is important for mental health practitioners to be aware of hindrance, different strategies, consequ ences, laws and the risk factors that contributed to elder abuse when working with clients. The term addresses the different types of elderly abuse and states real life problems that mental health practitioners including counselors will encounter when working with the population.Educational Internet Website field Center on Elder Abuse (NCEA)www.ncea.aoa.govThe National Center on Elder Abuse or NCEA is directed by the U.S. Administration on Aging. According to the mission of The National Center on Elder Abuse, it is a resource for policy makers, social service and health care practitioners, the justice system, researchers, advocates, and families. The site has prevention strategies and different intervention partners that are good for different work fields such as for those working with older people in the social services, APS, Ombudsman and etc It provides many different practices that are utilized in different states throughout the United States. Local Referral SourceDepartment of Health and Human Services, Ombudsman Program7001 A East ParkwaySacramento, CA 95823Telephone (916) 875-2000The Office of Ombudsman provide information, answer questions and resources to address issues. The Office of Ombudsman protects and defends a citizens rights.

Ulysses S. Grant Essay Example for Free

Ulysses S. contribute EssayUlysses S. Grant, an army General and the 18th president of the United States of America is considered one of the greatest war strategists and generals in American history. His rise to fame was brought about by his successful exploits and exceptional military leadership serving as a Union General in the Civil War. approximately notable of which are the decisive wins in the battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania and the siege of Petersburg which eventually led to the Confederacys surrender. But while his contemporaries hold him to the highest conceive as a military leader, the same could not be said about his presidency.Political leadership proved to be unsuitable for him, and while his self- repute was said to be unquestionable, his presidency is severely criticized and condemned due to rampant rotting and perceived inadequacy. Grant was baptized Hiram Ulysses Grant in Point Pleasant, Ohio on April 27, 1822, the first in a brood of six. He came fro m a family which Grant (2002) proudly asserts as all-American My family is American, and has been for generations, in all its branches, direct and collateral (p. 12).His parents were Jesse Root Grant, a tannery and ploughland owner, and Hannah Simpson Grant, a frontier woman (McFeely, 1981). Grants family relocated to Georgetown in 1823, where he started his formal educationthis place was to be his home until his seventeenth year, before he goes clear up to West Point. He attended the school of Richardson and Rand in Maysville, Kentucky, then the Presbyterian Academy, a private school in Ripley, Ohio. (Grant, 2002) Grant (2002) found his childhood uneventful (p.17) and professed no inclination towards his studies. He did show exceptional equestrian skills and was noted for his diligence. With his skills, he was put in charge of doing any work that required proficiency with horses work land, hauling wood, plowing and furrowing the land, etc. His lack of business skills (an issue whi ch would later on figure significantly in his life) was evinced in one situation when the cardinal year-old Grant was fertilizen some money by his father to buy a colt, with the instruction of bargaining with the owner.Grant said to him Papa says I whitethorn offer you twenty dollars for the colt, but if you wont take that, I am to offer twenty-two and a half, and if you wont take that, to give you twenty-five (Grant, 2002, p. 20). Needless(prenominal) to say, the owner got the colt full price. At age seventeen, he attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, and a registration mistake made by the appointing congressman omitted Hiram from his name and added Simpson, his mothers maiden name. Grant, however, did not correct the mistake, and he has been known by that name ever since.Grant was an number student, graduating 21st in a class of 39 (McFeely, 1981). He did not care to have a career in the military (he wanted quite to teach) and saw his West Point appointme nt as just another opportunity to travel, he said A military life had no charms for me, and I had not the faintest idea of staying in the army even if I should be graduated, which I did not expect (Grant, 2002, p. 26). After graduation he was stationed in St. Louis, molybdenum where he met and and pursued Julia Dent. They later married in 1848 (McFeely, 1981).During the outbreak of the Mexican War, grant fought his first battles under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, where he took part in important umbrage missions. After the war, he went back to St. Louis, Missouri to tend to his family and establish several business and farming ventures (Grant, 2002). However, even with the help from relatives and friends, his business endeavors failed (due in part to his less than adequate business skills) and he faced great financial difficulties (McFeely, 1981).Grant then moved back to work in Galena, Illinois when his father offered his a clerical position at his store (Grant, 200 2). When the south broke away from the Union, signaling the start of the Civil War, Grant decided to fight under the Union banner. He gathered volunteers to Springfield and enlisted his services to the government. As a colonel, he successfully took control of an unruly volunteer regiment and was promoted to brigadier general. He proved to be a great military leader and went on to lead many successful charge ups.His skill as a military strategist and tactician earned him the respect of his contemporaries and made him a household name. (McFeely, 1981) He fought on to lead the Union in a series of decisive victoriesbattles in Belmont, gather Donelson, Fort Henryand became the commander of the Union army. When asked about his terms of accepting surrender, his reply was no terms, except an unconditional and immediate surrender (McFeely, 1981, 135). This, as well as the unconditional surrender of more than 14,000 confederacy soldiers at Donelson earned him the nickname Unconditional Sur render Grant (McFeely, 1981, 135).He also launched an exhaustive and grueling campaign to wear out and capture the Confederate forces. This culminated in the siege of Petersburg which forced General Robert E. Lee to flee and eventually surrender his army at Appomattox coquette House (McFeely, 1981). After the war, he was nominated as the Republican candidate for the presidential elections and won, although he was reluctant to accept the post. After learning of his victory, he told his wife I am afraid I am elected (Goode, 1999, p. 18). He entered the snow-white House at age 46, the youngest president in American history.He took part in many notable policies, especially those that aim to reduce national debt and re-establish public credit (Hesseltine, 1935). The reconstruction of southern states were also facilitated under his reign. However, depravity was so widespread in the administration that it overshadowed everythingit even came to be called as Grantism (Goode, 1999), which was regarded by many unfair considering Grant himself didnt take part in the corruption (Skidmore, 2005). Grant was also criticized for his passivity and for his haphazard appointment of officials.Many, if not most of the people under him, even those he appointed were involved in many scandals and for exploiting the governments coffers (Hesseltine, 1935 and Goode, 1999). After his presidency, Grant was only relieved to leave the politicians lifeI certainly never had any taste for political life (Goode, 1999, p. 18) he confessed. He retired and lived a comfortable life with his wife in New York, until he was diagnosed with throat cancer. He has completed written his Memoirs a few days subsequently his death and it remains one of the most popular presidential autobiographies in history.When grant died in 1885, fire bells rang throughout the country, however, it was for Grant the soldier that they rang, not for Grant the president (Goode, 1999, p. 19).ReferencesGrant, U. S. (2002). Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. Boston WGBH Educational Foundation. Goode, S. (1999, July). Ulysses S. Grant The Unheroic Hero. World and I, 14, 16-19. Hesseltine, W. B. (1935). Ulysses S. Grant Politician. New York Dodd, Mead Company. McFeely, W. S. (1981). Grant A Biography. New York Norton. Skidmore, M. J. (2005). The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant A Reconsideration. White House Studies, 5, 255-265.

E-commerce site launch bicyclesforyou.Com

E-commerce localise launch bicyclesforyou.Com Task 1 You need to do some(prenominal) research to familiarise yourself with the subject area and to gain some ideas ab step to the fore how you bottom of the inning carry out the rest of the expulsion. There are a subjugate of websites that specialise in the sale of bicycles. Use a maximum of 1 hour to review these resources. Bookmark the relevant sites and make notes of study that you can hold in your assignment.http//www.avoncycles.com/http//www.herocycles.com/ to the highest degree.phphttp//www.gtbicycles.com/are/bikeshttp//www.atlascyclesonepat.com/http//www.trekbikes.com/us/en/ roll companies having e-commerce sites render randomness service related to various crossing range of bicycles they sell with images and descriptions, which suites all age group and gender. It also updates on latest technology, upcoming upstart quality of mathematical product and manufacturing details related to the product. For building relatio nship and trust, customer feedbacks are requested for improving the product quality and services. Customers can get information on availability of product from respective showrooms or distributor / dealer located in the region. Promotion offers details are available on the site. The e-commerce whole kit and caboodle in combination to traditional commerce strategy of selling the product to end substance abusers. Task 2 Produce a project excogitate for the vogue you in go to complete the rest of this assignment. For planning, use the timescale you have been allocated for this assignment i.e. from the date you start to the date you submit your assignment. Submit a copy of your plan to your coach BEFORE you proceed further with the assignment. Task 3 Using PowerPoint or a similar tool, prepare a maximum of twelve slides that could be apply to form the basis of a presentation to the owner of Bicycles For You. The first part of the presentation should explain how a SWOT analysis ca n be employ to identify potential e-commerce opportunities within a smart set. The second part of the presentation should address the potential benefits that e-commerce could bring to Bicycles For You. For this you should list and briefly describe SIX benefits that you moot e-commerce could bring to the company, taking full account of their existing methods of operation. The power point presentation copy is enclosed with this assignment. Task 4 Write a shortstop briefing document of no to a greater extent than 1200 words that describes each of the following marketing activities and explains the role that they can play in helping to ensure the potent promotion of the new e-commerce site Branding, E-mail marketing, Banner adverts, CRM, Search engine optimization. Branding A brand represents a distinguish pattern of qualities and behaviour that gives the consumer a strong sense of credentials. There should be consistency in e-commerce branding. It is how consumer perceives your companys image and differentiates the product from all others in the market. It exit help in promoting the new e-commerce site by extending the existing product range on the web. With brand leveraging, the dominant positions can be extended to other products and services. Transferring existing brands to the web is some(prenominal) easier and slight(prenominal) expensive. With clearly communication through with(predicate) right message, impressive visuals and delivering true market values will an important part of promoting the e-commerce site. The companys URL should always be include on product packaging. Integrating the URL with company logo on brochures can also be helpful in getting the work out roughly the web site. Ensuring that the site appears in search engine listings is also very important. E-mail marketing E-mail marketing is active communicating to the consumers victimisation electronic mail. It is very powerful element in any companys advertising strategy. For h aving an effective dialog with their customers on the launch of new e-commerce site, company can use automated e-mail communications. As the conversion rates on requested e-mail messages range from 10 percent to to a greater extent than 30 percent, which are much higher than the click-through rates on banner ads. This will benefit the company in promoting the existing business through new e-commerce site. The marketing strategy of direct specific information all to people who have indicated an interest in receiving information about the product or service being promoted should be more successful. Email message with hyperlinks inserted will guide customers to the companys website and induce them to stay on the site and consider making purchases. Banner adverts A banner add is a small rectangular object on a web page that displays stationery or moving graphic and includes a hyperlink to the advertisers web site. Banners ads are versatile advertising vehicles with graphical images w hich help increase awareness about company web site and its product. Companies use other web sites to display their banner ads through exchange communicate, place ads on web sites that appeal to one of the companys market segments and pays to those sites to carry the ads, using banner advertising network. CRM Customer relationship trouble is about managing companys interaction with customers. Technology-enabled customer relationship management occurs when a firm obtains detailed information about a customers behaviour, preferences, needs, and buying patterns, and uses that information to set prices, add product features. With the existing customer database the marketing campaign for promoting of new e-commerce site can be done through direct email. The e-commerce site will benefit company by creating and tracking specific web activities that help develop the client relationship. Search engine optimization Search engine marketing is the medium about promoting the companys website by change magnitude its visibility on the search engine and improve the be of your website. Assigning specific keywords for the new e-commerce site, website pages can achieve higher ranking in search results with help of optimization. Task 5Write a short report (of no more than 600 words) that defines what is meant by leave drawstring management and describes how this can be used to develop closer links with suppliers and provide enhanced services for customers.Supply drawing string management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service package required by end customers. It is a cross-function approach including managing the movement of au naturel(p) materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and delivering to the end-consumer. The purpose of supply chain management is to improve trust and coaction among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the velocity of inventory movement. By engaging suppliers in cooperative, long-term relationships, companies have found that they can work together with suppliers to identify new ways to provide their own customers with faster cheaper and better services. By using internet, companies simply have better and more far-reaching ways to spend up the information flow process and make it more effective. Continual communication and information sharing are key elements in building trust.Customer service can be enhanced by effective supply chain- Better product delivery With quality information available across all the major points in the companys supply chain, the performance of the company in delivering the sort product, to the correct place, at the correct time, in the correct condition and packaging, in the correct quantities, with the correct documentation, to the correct customer will increase sign ificantly and customers will be served better. Better responsiveness When the supply chain is running effectively, it becomes easier for a company to provide accurate information to its customers regarding any product or activity because the information is readily available. Better reliability If the supply chain becomes more reliable, the individual member companies (called partners) also become more reliable, at least from a customer service point of view because they tend to give more reliable deliveries and responses to queries. Faster Responsiveness The speed at which a supply chain provides products to the customer and resolves their problems improves dramatically, primarily because obtaining the information that customers need requires less effort and fewer procedures. Without supply chain management, many departments requested information from the partners by placing telephone calls. After the call was made, an employee was assigned to handle the particular query. Respond ing to the queries often involved counting items and retaking stock and other time -wasting procedures. Real time information systems in a well designed supply chain eliminate all these procedures and giving speedier returns. Task 6 Write a briefing note (of no more than 500 words) that lists FIVE main security threats that could pose a risk to the operation of the new e-commerce site. Explain the risks that each of these threats could pose to the site and briefly describe FIVE specific countermeasures that could be rove in place to protect against these threats.The five main security threats that will pose a risk to the operation of new e-commerce site are as explained below Confidentiality threat Confidentiality is the prevention of unauthorized information disclosure. It allows only authorized parties to read protected information. Breaching confidentiality on the internet is not difficult. If any customer login to Bicycle For You website that contains a form with text boxes fo r charge, address and e-mail address. When the required information is entered and the information is sent to the web-server for processing, the captured data and the HTTP request to send the data to the server is thus sent. If the customer changes his mind and goes to some other website, the other website may choose to collect web demographics and log the URL from the site which the customer just came. By this way the other website breaches the confidentiality by recording the secret information the user has entered. law threat An integrity threat exists when an unauthorized party can castrate a message stream of information. Unprotected banking transactions are subject to integrity violations. Some other website can represent your website as an original, creating havoc on website. Using security hole in a domain name server, perpetrators can substitute the address of their own website in place of your companys website to spoof website visitors. Integrity threat can alter vital financial information of the company and its customers. Availability threat The purpose of availability threat, also known as stick up or denial threat, is to disrupt normal computer processing or to deny processing entirely. It involves getting the server to perform a large number of mundane tasks, exceeding the capacity of the server to cope with any other task. Slowing the internet service will drive customers to competitors website. Database threat E-commerce systems store user data and retrieve product information from database connected to the web server. Database connected to your companys e-commerce site contains valuable and private information that can damage the company if it were break or altered. If someone hacks user authentication information, then private and costly information can be revealed. Communication channel threat The internet serves as the electronic chain linking a customer to an e-commerce resource. Weak access points in information infrastructure and security that can expose company information and dish out secrets.The specific countermeasures to protect against security threats are- Secure Socket Layer (SSL) As there is enormous amount of information exchange over the internet, secure socket floor is a protocol which encrypts data between the customers computer and the websites server. With the use of secure socket layer, when the clients sends the request to access the company site, the browser identifies the server as a certain(p) entity and passes encryption key information back and forth. Server firewall Firewall protects the server and network from virus attacks and hackers trying to access the personal and confidential information. Having a firewall on the newly e-commerce site will block hackers from accessing to any customer information. It ensures that requests can only enter the system from specified ports and in some cases ensures that all accesses are only from certain physical machines. Password Policies Ensure p assword policies are enforced for customers and internal users as well. Task 7 Put together an outline project plan for the development and launch of the Bicycles For You e-commerce site. This should be made up of TEN key project stages and associated objectives, together with a brief description of each. The project plan should also include the associated timescales for undertaking these project stages and achieving the specified objectives.The project plan for launch of new e-commerce site for Bicycles For You will be executed in different stages as explained below Benefits With the growing demand for its product range, company is interested in business expansion and increase profits. There is a potential of increasing sales and decrease costs. E-commerce increases the speed and accuracy with which businesses can exchange information, which reduces costs on both side of transactions. Project Scope Define goals for undertaking this project. Specifications about business posture wh ich fit for e-commerce site. Estimated time, cost, schedule for launching new e-commerce site. The objective shall be to create and maintain a high revenue e-commerce site which will be one of a kind in the bicycle industries, by developing a new and successful e-commerce business using a combination of e-commerce business models. The site will use business to consumer and business to business models. Research Conduct a research on existing business model and for e-commerce business model. Research on products and services which customer demand. Designing the website and good requirements Design the website which should be fresh and appealing, caters to the interests and preferences of your intended market audiences. It should develop a collected user interface, which makes customer experience enjoyable and pleasant. Approach a service provider for website hosting. Regular site maintenance is necessary to update content, perform technical upgrades. Review of risks measure Ident ify and research possible risks regarding starting up a new e-commerce site, technology costs and marketing / advertising costs. Security assert issues for protection and continued operations, if the site goes down due to technical glitches. Testing Several functional exam is required prior to the launch of the website. Checking browser compatibility for accessing the website, testing of java scripts flash and other plug-ins for running the visuals and search functionalities. Marketing Extensive marketing campaign for the launch of new e-commerce site will be carried out. Branding, fond media, direct email and search engine visibility will be used means of marketing for the launch of new e-commerce site. Creating a domain name thats easy to recall and resonates your brand, product and services. Post-launch After the launch of e-commerce site, monitor and respond to feedback received from consumer. Updating the site content based on changes in the product development and busines s process management.

Harmful Effects Of The Concentration Of Media Ownership Media Essay

Harmful Effects Of The Concentration Of Media Ownership Media EssayThere has been a tendency in the media world that companies merger into plumpingr media giants in assure to reach a better, more secure financial status and to constitute stronger firms. Hunt and Ruben highlighted another aspect to media company mergers. They say, the world had become one large marketplace and, as the investment jargon suggests, a few players dominate the distribution and the production of services and the goods in the world.(140) This is also true to the media business.As the circumstances media offers huge and fruitful monetary opportunities, some of the most influential businessmen and investors dove into the media industry, forming huge media branches with concentrated ownership, like the Australian Rupert Murdoch, who became the strongest and richest media mogul of our time. By imperative such large percentages of the mass media, Murdoch has great power in his hands, which might mean certain dangers towards the public. In our modern society, the media enjoys enormous importance, since the everywherewhelming major(ip)ity of the slew familiarize themselves with current affairs, the happenings of their surroundings and the happenings around the world through the mass media. I strongly believe, that such concentration of media ownership, overall, is harmful to the public.According to Dominick, the media system before long working in the United States of America and many European countries, (by now, most probably in most European countries), is a model with decentralized check off and private ownership.(62) This model of course whitethorn seem better than a system of media supervised and controlled by a central power, probably by a government, as common, westward looking, sense dictates. This system gives the opportunity of exercising freedom of speech, and the accessibility to all materials and information, excluding of course information concerning homeland security. T his seems fair and nice, but in reality, I believe, the system works a bit differently.Since the moguls of media industry are virtually the owners of the mass media, they enjoy complete authority over their property, and authority over what their companies publish or broadcast. This is a power that quite a little very easily be abused. Since for the owners of giant media branches, the mass media is just another field of financial opportunities, they ordinarily customize their material in order to attract the largest audience, giving the opportunity of advertising on a huge scale. The money oriented constitution of this mannikin of media ownership puts the eccentric of information published to the people under dispute. As Wilson pointed it out, a particular sample of this phenomenon is Rupert Murdoch and his actions in the United States, where he purchased a tally of newspapers, including the New York Post, and managed to turn them into papers publishing sensationalist articl es in order to boost the selling. Wilson goes on saying that this demonstrates that Murdoch was not particularly interested in providing quality information and journalism to the public, but was more into making profit.(410) Consequently, the quality of the information declined in these papers, not informing the public properly.Apart from the ethical question of the example above, it also raises issues concerning the response of the public to the sensationalist information. It is also possible that these articles whitethorn contain information that cannot be proven, or worse, not true at all. This may result in the misdirection of public opinion, and can lead to serious consequences.Another important issue concerning the concentrated ownership of media chains is the question of objectivity on the side of the journalists. Since the resident Gods of the media chains have expectations of profit and ,in some cases, forming the overall opinion of the medium in crucial topics like politic s or economy, there may be a multi-layered system of pressure in the hierarchy of the owners and workers of these firms, all concentrated on the journalist. The simple worker crumbles between the principles of clinical journalism and the thoughts of the editor not letting their work to be published, or worse, losing their job. In the giant media chains owned by powerful media moguls, journalistic objectivity may be under pressure, so in this way the quality of information presented to the public may be biased, or faulty.Conflict of interest can also be a major factor in the mass media, and within the media giants with centralised ownership, the phenomenon may exist on a considerable scale. Wilson brought up an example for this issue as well. He writes about a case in 1987 when a congressman from Kansas called for an order by the Congress to require commonplace Electric, the second largest producer of defense weaponry of the United States, to sell its company owned television netwo rk, NBC. The congressman disputed how the television network could give an accusatory physical composition about the Strategic Defense Initiative without having conflict of interest.(405) This example of Wilson highlights a very important issue concerning media chains, journalistic objectivity and the quality and beat of information presented to the public. It is most probable, that a news agency such as a chain of newspaper or a television network cannot report objectively about the affairs of those businesses, in which they own corporate holdings, because such a situation would include heavy biasing, filtering information, and of course withholding information.The very decease point is the issue of the possibility of political bias of media giants. Reliable Sources, a programme on CNN gave a short coverage on Rupert Murdoch and his appearance in an interview with Marwin Kalb, at George Washington University, in which Murdoch openly criticised his rival television networks, M SNBC and CNN. Murdoch said his rivals tend to be democrats while his own network, Fox News are not Republicans. Later on at the question and answer round of the interview, Murdoch said they have people at Fox News who are associate with the Democratic party, but when he was asked to name people, he struggled to name even one worker. Consequently the information output of Murdochs network may be politically biased. When it comes to the effects of this sort of bias on the public, I believe it may be the most harmful. Political bias may result in dividing the public, may induce reactions from people who feel exposed or vulnerable, and may as well make people paranoid. I believe, that in some cases, this can be the aim of such enterprises motored by corporate power and driven by profit. For example in election time, the media support or attack of a certain political party has enormous force, and helps to bias and persuade the electorate.In concluison, I strongly believe that the conce ntration of media ownership is harmful to the public, concerning the following points made. Firstly, the profit-oriented nature of media chains with concentrated ownership can affect the quality and quantity of information published to the people. Secondly, conflict of interest may be a major factor in information publishing by such media powers. Lastly, biasing, and namely politically biased information dissemination has large grounds in these chains.(1162 words)SourcesBrendt, D. Ruben. and Hunt, T. passel Communication Producers and Consumers.Harper Collins College Publishers, 1993. Print.Dominick, J. R. The Dynamics of Mass Communication. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990. Print.Wilson, S. L. Mass Media / Mass Culture An Introduction McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993. Print.Reliable Sources Highlights Murdochs Inability to Name a Democrat Employed by Fox News. Media Matters for America 11. April 2010. Web. 13. April 2010.

Relationship Between Communication and Human Sciences

Relationship Between Communication and Human SciencesThe aim of this paper is to critically analyse converse and its development of mans societies. It will scrutinise whether either random variable of symbolical behaviour was a flesh of communication. This essay will question some of the findings of the onetime(prenominal) through the examination of communicative works such as hollow out- artistry. Discussion of urbanism and religion as a means of communication with bode or witchlike powers will then follow. musical composition as posited as one of Childes ten criteria as a ca procedure of urbanism will be critically evaluated. To conclude, I will offer my perspective on the development of human societies having evaluated the evidence and expert conniptions. So what is communication? Communication is derived from the Latin word communis (Peters, 1999), meaning to appropriate. Thus, communication is the activity of transfer information through the exchange of messages, i nformation, and thoughts, as by signals, visuals, authorship or behaviour. The history of communication dates back to ancient times, dustup which revolutionized the human communication was developed some 200,000 years ago symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago while create verbally about 7,000. Throughout the millennia, human societies underwent major changes in their social order where people lived 10,000 years ago in small, mobile groups which depended on wild plants and animals. Examples of those groups include but is not hold in to those of the Yangzi river valley in East Asia and the Americas which underwent changes from hunter-gatherers to an organised society. It is these early examples of groups which domesticated local plant and animal species to forge a farming community and with the development of market-gardening and sedentism, population growth soon followed. These farming societies transformed themselves into larger, more complex social systems characteris ed by cities, political states and class inequalities. As with civilisations such as those of Egyptian and Roman empires, rulers and dynasties rose and fell, and the potsherds and stone digs of archaeology made way for written documents. Without communication, the lives of human beings would be very different as it is critical for growing and maintaining everything well-nigh us. The relationship between communication and human society is ever-growing having achieved a huge growth in its partnership. Humans only when could not swallow achieve this smorgasbord of development and growth without the existence of communication. Within society, all relationships and social connections rely on communication and appreciate and understand its importance and with varying communication methods and processes, it gave a great boost to the development of human society. Communication as it is today is a continuing process as people strive to develop bare-assed and innovative communication met hods and processes.To fully appreciate the growth of communication, we need to look back to the beginning tothe stone age when communication was in its initial developmental stages. thither were no languages, resultantly little communication processes were followed by humans. The swift development of human abilities made way for the development of communication and human society. Humans began to use signs and non-verbal communication to communicate with fellow humans such as runners, birds, arrows, smokes. As humans became more and more organized, different kinds of languages and communication methods were developed. Major developments during the Stone come on wereCave paintingsPetro glyphsPictogramsIdeogramsLater, during the bronze Age, human beings invented writing which revolutionized the communication methods and processes, there began a new period of communication. Accepted examples of such writings are Egyptian hieroglyphs and the Indus vale script (Tharoor 2009). By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables (Crabben 2011). Some of the prominent developments of these times areWritingAlphabetPaperWith the introduction of respective(a) form of communication, is the question whether symbolic behaviour is a form of communication? Communication and symbolic affaires come along to go hand in hand with features seen as symbolic objects such as daggers, warriors some carrying weapons, axes, wheeled vehicles, houses, farm buildings and livestock. Other evidence presented is the rock-art of Valcamonica (Italy) and Southern Africa in which a number of symbolic federal agencys were discovered. Southern-Africa in particular has cave-art of varying degrees of what I would consider a form of symbolism such examples include dancing women an various geometric forms. I believe that symbolic behaviour could be considered as a form of visual communication because a message is being conveyed regardless of the media and form of com munication. not restricted to cave-art, symbolic behaviour is in any case seen through the construction of objects such as the sky-disk and sun chariot. The Nebra sky-disk depicts the sun, moon, 32 stars and two arcs, originally three. Its importation alludes any understanding of its significance, however, it does not detract from the circumstance that it is symbolic in nature and may catch been used as an astronomical calculation tool to determine times of harvest (Haughton, 2011). Whatever the significance of the disk, it is still one of symbolism. The final piece of symbolism lies with the Sun Chariot, similar in its astronomical agency of the sun and moon which again illustrates a form of symbolism in the form of a bronze-wheeled-model of a horse pulling a large disk. Not isolated to mere models of bronze, the discovery of burial practices and metallurgy to display prestige and cultural practices can also be considered as a form of symbolism. Unfortunately, no icon of the latter practices are represented in the rock-art, suggesting that the presence of cave-art does not fully represent the full range of activities, but does not exclude the very fact that once again symbolism is represented through prestige. Symbolism was prominent on a global basis and in Southern Africa, rock-art had symbolic meanings to those who created them. The representation of these paintings were linked between the material and spirit world which in turn depicted shamans and the spirit world. I believe that any consideration into the varying forms of symbolic behaviour should be seen as a form of communication. In summary with regards to symbolism and communication, I am inclined to support the idea that symbolism is a form of communication which is reinforced by Childes criteria for urbanism and the rise of civilisation coupled with the development of symbolic art (Perkins, 2013).Cave or rock-art is k nowadaysn as the oldest form of communication and is the precious remnant of an ancient way of life which contributes some of the oldest clues of cultures from long ago. controversy-art and art form or drawing style provides a put down history of human thought patterns and behaviour. Insights into their socio-religious aspects as well as their ancient culture and myths can be gained and prove valuable into gaining an insight into their lives. Between 30,000 and 5,000 years ago, no written records existed except for cave-art and rock etchings. It was not until post 5,000 years that other types of written records came into existence. Rock-art is in my confidence considered a form of communication and message, whether truthful or complex, is special but yet to be fully understood. It provides a small glimpse into the socio-religious aspects of these ancient neolithic cultures. A number of theoretical views and opinions have purported to explain rock-art, but in my view, I am inclined to suggest that rock-art simply portrays simple daily life. Another po ssible theory could be that of conveying a complex message about the shamans journey and their altered state of consciousness, suggesting a true appreciation and understanding of ancient tribal life. An air of caveat must be placed in assuming that the paintings produced in a specific tribal social and religious context in spite of appearance cave-art has any coincidence to the belief systems of modern Western society and therefore should not be gauged to such.Any form of ritualistic, mythical or supernatural representations art is open to wall as to whether it is art or religion. The area surrounding art and its link to religion would be a difficult assumption to make as to view the work in spite of appearance a set context is to view the art in the same way as those who were round during that time period. As with any religious content, the interpretations are hypothetical and subjective based on the interpreters ideals. However, the presence of animals may have been more of a symbolic vision of the world around them. This art could also be a way of communicating possible ritual practices (Zorich, 2011) that may have taken place within the cave systems. There is a possible assumption that ritual practices taking place within the caves were a means of communication with divine or supernatural powers. The imagery of animals may have been viewed as sacred due to their physical strength indicating power. Throughout time there have been links with shamanism and rock art within the context of spiritualism. One such example is that of the Valcamonica figure which depicts a running man (Naquane, 2014), often identified as a shaman. The key controversy is that the art is a representation of the real world and with that consideration it questions its true purpose and functions. As with everything else in life, changes occur, additions are made to existing structures and art work alike with cave art by engraving over already existing work in addition to leaving e xisting engravings alone, signifies a meaning for those adding to the already present art. It is fair to surmise that maybe these images may have had a symbolic or religious function which in turn can be accepted as a form of communicating rituals and the idea of theology. To further support the theory, Scandinavian rock art is suggestive of ritual or mythological as well as associations with the supernatural. I truly believe that such interpretations are acceptable and should be viewed as a way of looking beyond an established civilisation to that of conducting oneself to a higher power, a deity perhaps? Further evidence has recently come to light of the possible religious or spiritual practices from the discovery of rock-art in the highlands (McKenzie, 2014). The discovery included a boulder decorated with ancient cup and ring marks which archaeologists believe may have been made for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons include ritualistic, astronomical or simply doodling. I f we were to assume that it was ritualistic, it implies that there may have been a link with divine or supernatural powers. It is a safe assumption that with cave-art, a link between communication and the belief of divine and supernatural powers exists.It is without a doubt that human communication is underpinned by a social survival imperative. In the words of Blakemore, Winston and Frith (2004)Humans crave the company of others and suffer profoundly if temporarily isolated from society.The in a higher place statement is indicative of the need to communicate hence with the spread of hunter-gatherers across various regions, communication took on differing forms. These ranged from non-verbal communication which consisted of possible facial expressions, tone of voice, embody movement and stance which eventually emerged in conjunction with verbal communication within the hunter-gathers period. It is through the use of language as a symbolic form of communication to convey messages to one another but is not limited to just the verbal aspect of communicating. As previously mentioned, writing, drawing, painting and sculptures was and still is a form of communication, a graphical and yet symbolic method of communication. One asserts that the hunter-gathers of the time used various methods to communicate from non-verbal to verbal as well as art to project and record their beliefs and lifestyles.The earliest form of urbanism appeared in the Near East (3rd Millennium BC), Warka, known from texts as the Sumerian city of Uruk (Mathews, 2013). Life in the City of Warka was marked by the appearance of well known cultural innovations such as the architecture of monumental portions, commemorative art and the use of a cylinder seal. Another innovation which involves one of Childes ten criteria is that of writing which appeared during the late Uruk period and was considered the earliest form of writing. It can be implied that the presence of writing was not coincidental but o ne of relevance towards the formation of social organisation. I believe that writing is essential in maintaining any form of governance within a state organisation. My argument is that writing as it stands provides a method of record keeping which is essential for not only the organisation but also the administrative and social control of people living within an urban setting. If proven that the writing found at Uruk was indeed an integral part in urban life then it will be a safe assumption that the presence of writing was in effect consistent with governmental administration. However, I dispute this perspective since other societies have existed without the need for writing to maintain a society. One such society was that of the Incas. Not having a recognised writing system like the rest of the world, no carved stone, no papyrus or art, the Incas established and maintained a working empire proving that urbanism does not pack a writing system to flourish. Having said that, the Inc as did have a method of recording accounts, astronomical calculations and possibly their stories, this method involved the use of cords and knots (K.K. Hurst, 2002), a complicated system but yet a record, nevertheless. Having considered the Incas and the use of the cord system as a possible means of conveying messages is in my opinion open to debate as to whether the use of knots in cords is a form of communication. Critical analysis of the communication adopted by the Incas does not provide a convincing argument therefore in my opinion that it is highly improbable the Incas possessed a system of writing. When taking into account that for urbanism to exist and thrive, a system of communication is required, be it writing or otherwise, the Inca civilisation as far as I am concerned refutes that theory. Would the Incas have adopted writing from the people of Warka? Due to the strong beliefs of the Incas and the significance of the cord system, I would assume the Incas would have refrai ned from doing so.In concluding this paper, the true significance of these vast array of cave paintings discovered and possibly some yet to be discovered is and will remain elusive for now. I can conclude that the cave-art, some brilliant in comparison to the art work that we find today, reflects the development of symbolic life, and an important turning point in human evolution. This sudden burst is reminiscent of the unsound bang theory but in this case it is the big bang theory of the human mind. It is through the study of the cave-art that has drawn a possible link to a symbolic life and with further field study and analysis will push the theory and reveal a symbolic life from the past. I also believe that communication and its impact on past civilisations may not have had a major role to play just simply a system which was adopted for growth and control. Today, communication is a requirement for any country to succeed and flourish in the way of trade and pay as well as the se tting down of laws. As we have come to know, the effect of communication is one of globalization, take communication away now and we are left with ignorance and loss of what we have to know as part of everyday life.(2532 words)ReferencesBlakemore, Winston and Frith (2004) Social cognitive neuroscience where are we heading? ready(prenominal) at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15120680 (Accessed 4 March 2014)Haughton, B. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia The Nebra Sky Disc Ancient Map of the Stars Available at http//www.ancient.eu.com/article/235/ (Accessed 3 March 2014)Hurst, K.K. (2002) About.Com Archaeology gnarled Problems The Ancient Writing System of the Inca Available at http//archaeology.about.com/od/americanancientwriting/a/quipu.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014)Mathews, R (2013) Peoples and complex societies of Ancient south-west Asia Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd chance variable capital of the United Kingdo m Thames and Hudson, pp. 440, 443McKenzie, S BBC (2014) Rare Neolithic or Bronze Age rock art in Ross-shire online, Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-26366644 (Accessed 27 February 2014)Perkins, P (2013) A251 World Archaeology Study Guide 4th Edition Milton Keynes The Open University, p. 34Peters, JD (1999) Latin roots of Communication Available at http//www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/latin.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014)Scarre, C (2013) Later prehistoric societies in Central and Western Europe Edited by Scarre, C The Human Past World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies 3rd Edition London Thames and Hudson, pp. 420, 424Tharoor, I. (2009) Time World Decoding the ancient script of the Indus valley Available at http//content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1919795,00.html (Accessed 6 March 2014)Naquane (2014) The Open University, Rock art gallery Valcamonica running man Available at https//learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/subpa ge/view.php?id=342575 (Accessed 3 March 2014)Van Der Crabben, J. (2011) Ancient History Encyclopaedia Alphabet, Definition Available at http//www.ancient.eu.com/alphabet/ (Accessed 6 March 2014)World Heritage Convention Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Available at http//whc.unesco.org/en/list/94 (Accessed 3 March 2014)Zorich Z. (2011) A Chauvet Primer Available at http//archive.archaeology.org/1103/features/werner_herzog_chauvet_cave_primer.html (Accessed 3 March 2014)

A Short History of Fingerprinting Essay -- Exploratory Essays

A Short History of Fingerprinting The use of fingerprinting as a means of identification was born come on of the need of law enforcement officials to start permanent records that could determine if a convict had been previously arrested or imprisoned. Before the advent of fingerprinting, law enforcement used a act of different methods to try to accomplish this. Ancient civilizations would tattoo or physically maim prisoners. In more recent times, daguerreotyping (that is, photographing) was used, but proved to be little than reliable, because people had the ability to dramatically alter their appearance (Skopitz). As a result, this method too, became obsolete with the discovery of fingerprinting, an absolutely infallible method of identification. Variations of fingerprinting have existed since the very beginning of civilization. Originally, it was used primarily as a type of signature. However, in the Fourteenth degree Celsius, it was discovered by a Persian official that no two people had identical fingerprints (The History of Fingerprints). Over the next 300 years or so, there was little development in fingerprinting, except for the meet of two professors, Marcelo Malpighi and John Evangelist Purkinji. Each had works on types of fingerprint patterns published - Malpighi in 1686 and Purkinji in 1823 (The History of Fingerprints). The middle to late Nineteenth Century was the time when interest in fingerprinting peaked and a number of important discoveries were made. This all started with the English Chief Magistrate in India, Sir William Herschel, who required natives to have their fingerprints strike on all business contracts, a tradition which dated back thousands of years (The Hi... ...y in recent years was the computerization of the process. Fingerprints are now stored and matched development computers. Fingerprinting is still used in criminal investigations, although DNA testing is becoming increasingly prevalent and will likely, in cases in which such shew is available, eventually replace fingerprinting (Skopitz).Brief Summary of Sourceshttp//onin.com/fp/fphistory.html - This site provides a list of people who made significant advancements in fingerprinting. The list is structured chronologically by the date on which the advancements were made.http//kyky.essortment.com/fingerprinthist_rmmv.htm - This site provides a more detailed history of fingerprinting. It describes methods of identification used prior to the advent of fingerprinting, follows the development of fingerprinting, and speculates on the incoming of fingerprinting.